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1. 倚天710的DDR5子系統

倚天710支持支持最先進的DDR5 DRAM，為云計算和HPC提供巨大的內存帶寬。倚天710有8 DDR5通道（channel），每個Die上有4個。每個通道相互獨立地服務系統的內存請求，分別支持用于1DPC（DIMM Per Channel）的DDR5-4400和2DPC的DDR5-4000。

1.2 DDR5 Architecture

DDR5的一個主要變化是新的DIMM通道結構（Fig 2中Channel Architecture）。DDR4 DIMM的總線位寬為72比特，由64比特數據位和8比特ECC位組成。DDR5的每個DIMM有兩個獨立的子通道。兩個通道中的總線位寬都為40比特：32比特的數據位和8比特的ECC位。盡管DDR4和DDR5的數據位寬相同（總共64比特），但兩個獨立通道可以提高內存訪問效率并減少延遲。單通道單次任務只能讀或寫，雙通道的DDR5則讀寫可以同時進行。

1.2 DDR5 理論帶寬

倚天2DPC的DDR5-4000的理論帶寬為：

4000MHz *32bit / 8 *8 *2 = 128 *10^9 *2 bytes = 128GB/s *2= 256 GB/s
內存等效頻率（4000MHz）_ 子通道位寬（32 bit）/ 8 _ 子通道數（8）* Die （2）

注意GB和GiB的不同：

1 GB = 1000000000 bytes (= 1000^3 B = 10^9 B)
1 GiB = 1073741824 bytes (= 1024^3 B = 2^30 B).

2. 倚天710 DDRSS PMU

倚天710的DDRSS為每個子通道都實現了獨立的PMU，用于性能和功能調試，每個子通道的PMU包含16個通用計數器。

帶寬計算公式為：

DRAM Read Bandwidth = perf_hif_rd *DDRC_WIDTH *DDRC_Freq / DDRC_Cycle
DRAM Write Bandwidth = (perf_hif_wr + perf_hif_rmw) *DDRC_WIDTH *DDRC_Freq / DDRC_Cycle
DDRC_WIDTH: Units of 64 bytes

3. Cloud-kernel對DDRSS PMU的支持

#lscpu
Architecture:          aarch64
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                128
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-127
Thread(s) per core:    1
Core(s) per socket:    128
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          2
...

測試環境為1個Socket，2個Die，包含兩個NUMA node。

#numactl -H
available: 2 nodes (0-1)
node 0 cpus: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
node 0 size: 257416 MB
node 0 free: 187991 MB
node 1 cpus: 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
node 1 size: 257014 MB
node 1 free: 194504 MB
node distances:
node   0   1
  0:  10  15
  1:  15  10

每個NUMA node有 256 GB內存。

#dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memorys+Device"|grep Size|grep -v Range
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: 32 GB
        Size: No Module Installed
 ...

#dmidecode -t memory | grep Speed:
        Speed: 4000 MHz
        Configured Clock Speed: 4000 MHz

2DPC，共插了16根DIMM，每個Die8根DIMM，有效頻率為 4000MHz。

#ls /sys/bus/event_source/devices/ | grep drw
ali_drw_21000
ali_drw_21080
ali_drw_23000
ali_drw_23080
ali_drw_25000
ali_drw_25080
ali_drw_27000
ali_drw_27080
ali_drw_40021000
ali_drw_40021080
ali_drw_40023000
ali_drw_40023080
ali_drw_40025000
ali_drw_40025080
ali_drw_40027000
ali_drw_40027080

2DPC滿插時一共16個PMU設備，其中ali_drw_21000與ali_drw_21080為Die 0上同一個DIMM的兩個子通道，ali_drw_2X000為Die 0的PMU設備，ali_drw_4002X000為Die 1的PMU設備。

4. DDR 帶寬準確性驗證

4.1 TL;DR

帶寬單位：MB/s

可以看到，DDR PMU的帶寬統計誤差不超過 1%。測試原理，請閱讀《倚天710性能監控 —— CMN Flit Traffic Trace with Watchpoint Event》。

4.2 C0M0 rd

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M rd

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

             12398      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/
          40160751      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/
               743      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500620725      ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/
             12252      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/
          40161013      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/
               767      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500619340      ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/
             11960      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/
          40159522      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/
               737      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500613505      ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/
             12044      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/
          40159066      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/
               773      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500607620      ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/
             12698      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/
          40160138      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/
               709      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500601240      ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/
             12521      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/
          40160169      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/
               727      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500594755      ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/
             12171      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/
          40159404      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/
               706      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500589945      ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/
             12290      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/
          40157620      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/
               710      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500583305      ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/

       1.000923276 seconds time elapsed

>>> 40159522*8*64/1000/1000.0
20561.675

# set  CPU and memory to the same NUMA node
numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M rd
40960.00 20507.82

4.3 C1M1 rd

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M rd

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

 Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

              2329      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/
          40071983      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/
                58      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500572165      ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/
              2374      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/
          40071737      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/
                39      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500569615      ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/
              2330      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/
          40071063      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/
                74      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500565635      ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/
              2372      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/
          40070344      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/
                54      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500561355      ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/
              2362      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/
          40070906      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/
                45      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500557480      ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/
              2385      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/
          40070168      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/
                46      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500552550      ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/
              2333      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/
          40069233      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/
                28      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500548745      ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/
              2211      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/
          40068227      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/
                30      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500544450      ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/

       1.000863258 seconds time elapsed

>>> 40070906*8*64/1000/1000.0
20516.303

numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M rd
40960.00 20492.53

4.4 C0M0 fwr

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

 Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

          42910737      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_wr/
            108397      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rd/
               495      ali_drw_21000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500708510      ali_drw_21000/perf_cycle/
          42911223      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_wr/
            117280      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rd/
               515      ali_drw_21080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500706780      ali_drw_21080/perf_cycle/
          42910038      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_wr/
            109179      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rd/
               516      ali_drw_23000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500702100      ali_drw_23000/perf_cycle/
          42911620      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_wr/
            111038      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rd/
               523      ali_drw_23080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500697340      ali_drw_23080/perf_cycle/
          42910435      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_wr/
            111748      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rd/
               469      ali_drw_25000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500692500      ali_drw_25000/perf_cycle/
          42908786      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_wr/
            110177      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rd/
               456      ali_drw_25080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500686595      ali_drw_25080/perf_cycle/
          42908903      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_wr/
            114093      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rd/
               490      ali_drw_27000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500681405      ali_drw_27000/perf_cycle/
          42908156      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_wr/
            109668      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rd/
               489      ali_drw_27080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500676420      ali_drw_27080/perf_cycle/

       1.001100811 seconds time elapsed
>>> (42908156+489)*8*64/1000/1000.0
21969.226

numactl --cpubind=0 --membind=0 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr
40960.00 21936.50

4.5 C1M1 fwr

# First, run bw_mem as backgroud workload
# numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr

# Then run perf command in another console
perf stat   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/   -e ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/   -a -- sleep 1

 Performance counter stats for 'system wide':

          42906048      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_wr/
             33939      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rd/
                76      ali_drw_40021000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500629355      ali_drw_40021000/perf_cycle/
          42905967      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_wr/
             34018      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rd/
                63      ali_drw_40021080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500631900      ali_drw_40021080/perf_cycle/
          42905422      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_wr/
             33843      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rd/
                75      ali_drw_40023000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500628540      ali_drw_40023000/perf_cycle/
          42905547      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_wr/
             33858      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rd/
                68      ali_drw_40023080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500623970      ali_drw_40023080/perf_cycle/
          42905230      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_wr/
             34028      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rd/
                56      ali_drw_40025000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500620630      ali_drw_40025000/perf_cycle/
          42904734      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_wr/
             34141      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rd/
                61      ali_drw_40025080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500615840      ali_drw_40025080/perf_cycle/
          42903390      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_wr/
             33712      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rd/
                84      ali_drw_40027000/perf_hif_rmw/
         500610635      ali_drw_40027000/perf_cycle/
          42903975      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_wr/
             33916      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rd/
               106      ali_drw_40027080/perf_hif_rmw/
         500606645      ali_drw_40027080/perf_cycle/

       1.000953335 seconds time elapsed

>>> (42903975+106)*8*64/1000/1000.0
21966.889

#numactl --cpubind=1 --membind=1 ./bw_mem 40960M fwr
40960.00 21934.51

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