DeepSpeed結(jié)合Megatron-LM訓(xùn)練GPT2模型筆記
依賴安裝
準(zhǔn)備訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)
訓(xùn)練詳細(xì)流程和踩坑
參數(shù)量估計(jì)
訓(xùn)練顯存占用估計(jì)
2卡數(shù)據(jù)并行
2卡模型并行
0x0. 前言
本文基于DeepSpeedExamples倉(cāng)庫(kù)中給出的Megatron相關(guān)例子探索一下訓(xùn)練GPT2模型的流程。主要包含3個(gè)部分，第一個(gè)部分是基于原始的Megatron如何訓(xùn)練GPT2模型，第二個(gè)部分是如何結(jié)合DeepSpeed的特性進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練Megatron GPT2，由于篇幅原因這篇文章只寫(xiě)了第一部分，主要是非常細(xì)致的記錄了跑起來(lái)Megatron GPT2訓(xùn)練流程碰到的一些問(wèn)題和如何解決的。本文主要以這里的codebase展開(kāi)寫(xiě)作。
0x1. Megatron使用單卡訓(xùn)練GPT2
首先閱讀 https://github.com/microsoft/DeepSpeedExamples/tree/bdf8e59aede8c8e0577e8d4d557298ca8515268f/Megatron-LM 這里的README。這里不關(guān)注BERT的部分，目的是把GPT2的訓(xùn)練和推理跑起來(lái)。
首先提到，Megatron是一款大型且強(qiáng)大的Transformer，這個(gè)代碼庫(kù)用于進(jìn)行大的Transformer語(yǔ)言模型的持續(xù)研究。目前，Megatron支持GPT2和BERT的模型并行、多節(jié)點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練，并采用混合精度。Megatron的代碼庫(kù)能夠使用512個(gè)GPU進(jìn)行8路模型和64路數(shù)據(jù)并行來(lái)高效地訓(xùn)練一個(gè)72層、83億參數(shù)的GPT2語(yǔ)言模型。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)，更大的語(yǔ)言模型（指的是前面的83億參數(shù)的GPT2）能夠在僅5個(gè)訓(xùn)練epoch內(nèi)超越當(dāng)前GPT2-1.5B wikitext perplexities。
依賴安裝
首先進(jìn)入到Megatron-LM目錄，安裝一下依賴，pip install -r requirements.txt，注意在requirements.txt里面依賴了TensorFlow，這個(gè)是和BERT訓(xùn)練相關(guān)，我這里不關(guān)心，就不安裝TensorFlow了。requiresment.txt的內(nèi)容如下：
nltk>=3.4 numpy>=1.15.4 pandas>=0.24.0 sentencepiece>=0.1.8 # tensorflow>=1.12.0 boto3==1.11.11 regex==2020.1.8
安裝的時(shí)候會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)：
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement boto3==1.11.11 (from versions: none) ERROR: No matching distribution found for boto3==1.11.11
我直接使用 pip install boto3 安裝了個(gè)最新版本。
接著按照教程，執(zhí)行bash scripts/pretrain_gpt2.sh。這里有一個(gè)PyTorch的報(bào)錯(cuò)：
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'torch._six'
這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤是由于PyTorch版本變化產(chǎn)生的，搜索了一下，發(fā)現(xiàn)只需要把from torch._six import inf 這行代碼改成 from torch import inf 就可以了。繼續(xù)執(zhí)行，報(bào)錯(cuò)為：AssertionError: make sure to set PATH for wikipedia data_utils/corpora.py 。這是因?yàn)樵?scripts/pretrain_gpt2.sh 里面指定了訓(xùn)練的數(shù)據(jù)集為 wikipedia ，所以需要在 DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/data_utils/corpora.py 這里的 PATH = 'data/wikipedia/wikidump_lines.json' 指定我們本地下載的 wikipedia 數(shù)據(jù)路徑。
準(zhǔn)備訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)
下載數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè) wikipedia 數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)在太大了， 所以改用 webtext 數(shù)據(jù)集，關(guān)于這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)集 Megatron 的README介紹如下：
“我們”利用公開(kāi)可用的OpenWebText（https://github.com/eukaryote31/openwebtext）庫(kù)，該庫(kù)由jcpeterson（https://github.com/jcpeterson/openwebtext）和eukaryote31（https://github.com/eukaryote31/openwebtext）共同開(kāi)發(fā)，用于下載URL。然后，我們根據(jù)我們?cè)趏penwebtext目錄中描述的過(guò)程對(duì)所有下載的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了過(guò)濾、清理和去重。對(duì)于截至2018年10月的Reddit URL對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，我們得到了約37GB的內(nèi)容。37G對(duì)于跑訓(xùn)練來(lái)說(shuō)還是太大了，所以我只下載了幾十個(gè)url中的第一個(gè)1url文件。
然后把這個(gè)文件復(fù)制到Megatron-LM的openwebtxt目錄下：
在這里插入圖片描述
接下來(lái)按照 openwebtext 的 README 開(kāi)始執(zhí)行。
pipinstallftfylangdetectnumpytorchpandasnltksentencepieceboto3tqdmregexbs4newspaper3khtmlmintldextract gitclonehttps://github.com/mattilyra/LSH cdLSH pythonsetup.pyinstall
安裝 LSH 碰到了兩個(gè) Python 版本不兼容引起的問(wèn)題：
lsh/cMinhash.cpp21: error: ‘PyThreadState’ {aka ‘struct _ts’} has no member named ‘exc_type’; did you mean ‘curexc_type’?
19292 | *type = tstate->exc_type;
可以將exc_type替換為curexc_type來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
lsh/cMinhash.cpp26: error: ‘PyTypeObject’ {aka ‘struct _typeobject’} has no member named ‘tp_print’
17704 | __pyx_type___pyx_array.tp_print = 0;
可以將tp_print替換為tp_vectorcall_offset來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
接下來(lái)，執(zhí)行去重url的命令：
python3blacklist_urls.pyRS_2011-01.bz2.deduped.txtclean_urls.txt
我發(fā)現(xiàn)執(zhí)行這個(gè)命令之后clean_urls.txt是空的。看了下代碼發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)腳本要求去重的url文件必須在一個(gè)目錄下，并且把這個(gè)目錄的路徑傳遞給腳本。
在這里插入圖片描述
因此，在當(dāng)前文件夾下新建一個(gè) urls 目錄，把剛才的url文件放進(jìn)去。如下所示：
在這里插入圖片描述
然后執(zhí)行：python3 blacklist_urls.py urls clean_urls.txt 就可以完成去重了。接下來(lái)使用https://github.com/eukaryote31/openwebtext/blob/master/download.py 下載去重后的 url 對(duì)應(yīng)的文本。
在這里插入圖片描述
這里要全部下載完需要的時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，我只下載50條url對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)做一個(gè)演示作用。這里要把下載的每條url對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)保存為json文件需要修改一下download.py里面的--sqlite_meta和--save_uncompressed默認(rèn)值，分別改成False和True，這樣執(zhí)行python3 openwebtext/download.py clean_urls.txt 之后就會(huì)生成一個(gè)scraped文件夾，每個(gè)url下載的文本就保存在data子文件夾下:
然后我們使用下面的腳本（merge_jsons.py）來(lái)把文件夾中的所有txt合并成一個(gè)json文件，其中每一行都作為一個(gè)text字段對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容：
importglob
importsys
importjson
importargparse
if__name__=='__main__':
parser=argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("--data_path",type=str,default=".",
help="pathwhereallthejsonfilesarelocated")
parser.add_argument("--output_file",type=str,default="merged_output.json",
help="filenamewherethemergedjsonshouldgo")
args=parser.parse_args()
data_path=args.data_path
out_file=args.output_file
text_files=glob.glob(data_path+'/*.txt')
counter=0
withopen(out_file,'w')asoutfile:
forfnameintext_files:
counter+=1
ifcounter%1024==0:
print("Mergingat",counter,flush=True)
withopen(fname,'r')asinfile:
forrowininfile:
tmp={}
tmp['text']=row
outfile.write(json.dumps(tmp))
outfile.write('
')
print("Mergedfile",out_file,flush=True)
執(zhí)行這個(gè)腳本獲得merged_output.json：python3 merge_jsons.py --data_pathDeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/openwebtext/scraped/data。
接著，我們?cè)趏penwebtext文件夾下執(zhí)行一下cleanup_dataset.py來(lái)把tokens數(shù)量少于128的文本都刪掉。python3 cleanup_dataset.py merged_output.json merged_cleand.json。
訓(xùn)練詳細(xì)流程和踩坑
數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備好之后，我們修改一下DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/scripts/pretrain_gpt2.sh下面的--train-data為webtext。此外將DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/data_utils/corpora.py中webtext類的path設(shè)置為我們剛才獲得的merged_cleand.json所在的路徑。
此外，由于我這里只用了幾十條數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)做訓(xùn)練過(guò)程的演示，這里還需要改一下DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/scripts/pretrain_gpt2.sh下面的--split參數(shù)，將其改成400,300,300，也就是訓(xùn)練，測(cè)試，驗(yàn)證集的數(shù)據(jù)比例為43，這樣才可以避免把測(cè)試集的數(shù)量設(shè)成0。
接下來(lái)就可以使用bash scripts/pretrain_gpt2.sh來(lái)啟動(dòng)訓(xùn)練了。給一些訓(xùn)練日志出來(lái)：
Setting ds_accelerator to cuda (auto detect) using world size: 1 and model-parallel size: 1 > using dynamic loss scaling > initializing model parallel with size 1 Pretrain GPT2 model arguments: pretrained_bert .............. False attention_dropout ............ 0.1 num_attention_heads .......... 16 hidden_size .................. 1024 intermediate_size ............ None num_layers ................... 24 layernorm_epsilon ............ 1e-05 hidden_dropout ............... 0.1 max_position_embeddings ...... 1024 vocab_size ................... 30522 deep_init .................... False make_vocab_size_divisible_by . 128 cpu_optimizer ................ False cpu_torch_adam ............... False fp16 ......................... True fp32_embedding ............... False fp32_layernorm ............... False fp32_tokentypes .............. False fp32_allreduce ............... False hysteresis ................... 2 loss_scale ................... None loss_scale_window ............ 1000 min_scale .................... 1 batch_size ................... 8 weight_decay ................. 0.01 checkpoint_activations ....... True checkpoint_num_layers ........ 1 deepspeed_activation_checkpointing False clip_grad .................... 1.0 train_iters .................. 320000 log_interval ................. 100 exit_interval ................ None seed ......................... 1234 reset_position_ids ........... False reset_attention_mask ......... False lr_decay_iters ............... None lr_decay_style ............... cosine lr ........................... 0.00015 warmup ....................... 0.01 save ......................... checkpoints/gpt2_345m save_interval ................ 5000 no_save_optim ................ False no_save_rng .................. False load ......................... checkpoints/gpt2_345m no_load_optim ................ False no_load_rng .................. False finetune ..................... False resume_dataloader ............ True distributed_backend .......... nccl local_rank ................... None eval_batch_size .............. None eval_iters ................... 100 eval_interval ................ 1000 eval_seq_length .............. None eval_max_preds_per_seq ....... None overlapping_eval ............. 32 cloze_eval ................... False eval_hf ...................... False load_openai .................. False temperature .................. 1.0 top_p ........................ 0.0 top_k ........................ 0 out_seq_length ............... 256 model_parallel_size .......... 1 shuffle ...................... False train_data ................... ['webtext'] use_npy_data_loader .......... False train_data_path .............. val_data_path ................ test_data_path ............... input_data_sizes_file ........ sizes.txt delim ........................ , text_key ..................... sentence eval_text_key ................ None valid_data ................... None split ........................ 400,300,300 test_data .................... None lazy_loader .................. True loose_json ................... False presplit_sentences ........... False num_workers .................. 2 tokenizer_model_type ......... bert-large-uncased tokenizer_path ............... tokenizer.model tokenizer_type ............... GPT2BPETokenizer cache_dir .................... cache use_tfrecords ................ False seq_length ................... 1024 max_preds_per_seq ............ None deepspeed .................... False deepspeed_config ............. None deepscale .................... False deepscale_config ............. None deepspeed_mpi ................ False cuda ......................... True rank ......................... 0 world_size ................... 1 dynamic_loss_scale ........... True > initializing model parallel cuda seeds on global rank 0, model parallel rank 0, and data parallel rank 0 with model parallel seed: 3952 and data parallel seed: 1234 configuring data > padded vocab (size: 50257) with 47 dummy tokens (new size: 50304) > found end-of-document token: 50256 building GPT2 model ... > number of parameters on model parallel rank 0: 354871296 Optimizer = FusedAdam learning rate decaying cosine WARNING: could not find the metadata file checkpoints/gpt2_345m/latest_checkpointed_iteration.txt will not load any checkpoints and will start from random Partition Activations False and Correctness Check False iteration 100/ 320000 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 963.3 | learning rate 3.937E-06 | lm loss 8.995377E+00 | loss scale 131072.0 | /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.memory_reserved warnings.warn( /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.max_memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved warnings.warn( after 100 iterations memory (MB) | allocated: 6784.88427734375 | max allocated: 11927.470703125 | cached: 13826.0 | max cached: 13826.0 time (ms) | forward: 276.11 | backward: 672.99 | allreduce: 13.96 | optimizer: 14.00 | batch generator: 5.22 | data loader: 4.53 iteration 200/ 320000 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 950.6 | learning rate 8.625E-06 | lm loss 3.041360E+00 | loss scale 131072.0 | time (ms) | forward: 259.24 | backward: 674.56 | allreduce: 13.45 | optimizer: 16.63 | batch generator: 0.78 | data loader: 0.14
從 nvidia-smi 的截圖里也可以看到megatron的訓(xùn)練正在卡0運(yùn)行：
在訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候可能會(huì)發(fā)生下面的 StopIteration 錯(cuò)誤：
time (ms) | forward: 259.07 | backward: 671.87 | allreduce: 13.03 | optimizer: 16.64 | batch generator: 0.76 | data loader: 0.13 ╭─────────────────────────────── Traceback (most recent call last) ────────────────────────────────╮ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/pretrain_gpt2.py:713 in│ │ │ │ 710 │ │ 711 │ │ 712 if __name__ == "__main__": │ │ ? 713 │ main() │ │ 714 │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/pretrain_gpt2.py:686 in main │ │ │ │ 683 │ iteration = 0 │ │ 684 │ if args.train_iters > 0: │ │ 685 │ │ if args.do_train: │ │ ? 686 │ │ │ iteration, skipped = train(model, optimizer, │ │ 687 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ lr_scheduler, │ │ 688 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ train_data_iterator, │ │ 689 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ val_data_iterator, │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/pretrain_gpt2.py:415 in train │ │ │ │ 412 │ report_memory_flag = True │ │ 413 │ while iteration < args.train_iters: │ │ 414 │ │ │ │ ? 415 │ │ lm_loss, skipped_iter = train_step(train_data_iterator, │ │ 416 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ model, │ │ 417 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ optimizer, │ │ 418 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ lr_scheduler, │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/pretrain_gpt2.py:369 in train_step │ │ │ │ 366 │ │ │ 367 │ # Forward model for one step. │ │ 368 │ timers('forward').start() │ │ ? 369 │ lm_loss = forward_step(data_iterator, model, args, timers) │ │ 370 │ timers('forward').stop() │ │ 371 │ │ │ 372 │ #print_rank_0("loss is {}".format(lm_loss)) │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/pretrain_gpt2.py:286 in forward_step │ │ │ │ 283 │ │ │ 284 │ # Get the batch. │ │ 285 │ timers('batch generator').start() │ │ ? 286 │ tokens, labels, loss_mask, attention_mask, position_ids = get_batch( │ │ 287 │ │ data_iterator, args, timers) │ │ 288 │ timers('batch generator').stop() │ │ 289 │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/pretrain_gpt2.py:257 in get_batch │ │ │ │ 254 │ # Broadcast data. │ │ 255 │ timers('data loader').start() │ │ 256 │ if data_iterator is not None: │ │ ? 257 │ │ data = next(data_iterator) │ │ 258 │ else: │ │ 259 │ │ data = None │ │ 260 │ timers('data loader').stop() │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/utils/data/dataloader.p │ │ y:633 in __next__ │ │ │ │ 630 │ │ │ if self._sampler_iter is None: │ │ 631 │ │ │ │ # TODO(https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/76750) │ │ 632 │ │ │ │ self._reset() # type: ignore[call-arg] │ │ ? 633 │ │ │ data = self._next_data() │ │ 634 │ │ │ self._num_yielded += 1 │ │ 635 │ │ │ if self._dataset_kind == _DatasetKind.Iterable and │ │ 636 │ │ │ │ │ self._IterableDataset_len_called is not None and │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/utils/data/dataloader.p │ │ y:1318 in _next_data │ │ │ │ 1315 │ │ │ │ # no valid `self._rcvd_idx` is found (i.e., didn't break) │ │ 1316 │ │ │ │ if not self._persistent_workers: │ │ 1317 │ │ │ │ │ self._shutdown_workers() │ │ ? 1318 │ │ │ │ raise StopIteration │ │ 1319 │ │ │ │ │ 1320 │ │ │ # Now `self._rcvd_idx` is the batch index we want to fetch │ │ 1321 │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ StopIteration
不用擔(dān)心，這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤表示的是數(shù)據(jù)量不夠訓(xùn)練這么多個(gè)iter，這個(gè)發(fā)生的原因是因?yàn)樵跇?gòu)造dataloader的時(shí)候使用了torch.utils.data.SequentialSampler對(duì)dataset進(jìn)行采樣，這個(gè)采樣器是根據(jù)dataset的長(zhǎng)度來(lái)采樣，所以無(wú)法和args.train_iters關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)，導(dǎo)致訓(xùn)練到很多iter之后數(shù)據(jù)讀完了就拋出StopIteration錯(cuò)誤了。
我們調(diào)整一下腳本，把iter數(shù)改成600，并且把checkpoint的保存間隔設(shè)置為500，保證megatron可以存下一個(gè)checkpoint。再次運(yùn)行腳本：
在這里插入圖片描述
0x2. Megatron使用單卡預(yù)測(cè)訓(xùn)練好的GPT2模型
修改DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/scripts/generate_text.sh這里的CHECKPOINT_PATH為我們訓(xùn)練出來(lái)的模型路徑，我們這里改成DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/checkpoints/gpt2_345m，然后在Megatron的根目錄執(zhí)行一下：bash scripts/generate_text.sh。但報(bào)錯(cuò)了：
Setting ds_accelerator to cuda (auto detect) Generate Samples WARNING: No training data specified using world size: 1 and model-parallel size: 1 > using dynamic loss scaling > initializing model parallel with size 1 > initializing model parallel cuda seeds on global rank 0, model parallel rank 0, and data parallel rank 0 with model parallel seed: 3952 and data parallel seed: 1234 prepare tokenizer done building GPT2 model ... > number of parameters on model parallel rank 0: 354823168 global rank 0 is loading checkpoint /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/checkpoints/gpt2_345m/iter_0000600/mp_rank_00/model_optim_rng.pt ╭─────────────────────────────── Traceback (most recent call last) ────────────────────────────────╮ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/generate_samples.py:277 in│ │ │ │ 274 │ │ 275 │ │ 276 if __name__ == "__main__": │ │ ? 277 │ main() │ │ 278 │ │ 279 │ │ 280 │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/generate_samples.py:267 in main │ │ │ │ 264 │ tokenizer = prepare_tokenizer(args) │ │ 265 │ │ │ 266 │ # Model, optimizer, and learning rate. │ │ ? 267 │ model = setup_model(args) │ │ 268 │ │ │ 269 │ #setting default batch size to 1 │ │ 270 │ args.batch_size = 1 │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/generate_samples.py:80 in setup_model │ │ │ │ 77 │ model = get_model(args) │ │ 78 │ │ │ 79 │ if args.load is not None: │ │ ? 80 │ │ _ = load_checkpoint( │ │ 81 │ │ │ model, None, None, args) │ │ 82 │ │ │ 83 │ return model │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/utils.py:305 in load_checkpoint │ │ │ │ 302 │ │ │ │ 303 │ │ # Model. │ │ 304 │ │ try: │ │ ? 305 │ │ │ model.load_state_dict(sd['model']) │ │ 306 │ │ except KeyError: │ │ 307 │ │ │ print_rank_0('A metadata file exists but unable to load model ' │ │ 308 │ │ │ │ │ │ 'from checkpoint {}, exiting'.format(checkpoint_name)) │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/model/distributed.py:90 in load_state_dict │ │ │ │ 87 │ │ return sd │ │ 88 │ │ │ 89 │ def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, strict=True): │ │ ? 90 │ │ self.module.load_state_dict(state_dict, strict=strict) │ │ 91 │ │ │ 92 │ ''' │ │ 93 │ def _sync_buffers(self): │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/fp16/fp16.py:71 in load_state_dict │ │ │ │ 68 │ │ return self.module.state_dict(destination, prefix, keep_vars) │ │ 69 │ │ │ 70 │ def load_state_dict(self, state_dict, strict=True): │ │ ? 71 │ │ self.module.load_state_dict(state_dict, strict=strict) │ │ 72 │ │ 73 # TODO: Update overflow check + downscale to use Carl's fused kernel. │ │ 74 class FP16_Optimizer(object): │ │ │ │ /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py:20 │ │ 41 in load_state_dict │ │ │ │ 2038 │ │ │ │ │ │ ', '.join('"{}"'.format(k) for k in missing_keys))) │ │ 2039 │ │ │ │ 2040 │ │ if len(error_msgs) > 0: │ │ ? 2041 │ │ │ raise RuntimeError('Error(s) in loading state_dict for {}: {}'.format( │ │ 2042 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ self.__class__.__name__, " ".join(error_msgs))) │ │ 2043 │ │ return _IncompatibleKeys(missing_keys, unexpected_keys) │ │ 2044 │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ RuntimeError: Error(s) in loading state_dict for GPT2Model: size mismatch for word_embeddings.weight: copying a param with shape torch.Size([50304, 1024]) from checkpoint, the shape in current model is torch.Size([50257, 1024]).
可以看到加載模型的時(shí)候提示word_embeddings.weight的shape不匹配，我們看一下word_embeddings在GPT2中的定義：
所以這個(gè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)該是訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試的時(shí)候的vocab_size不同引起的。定位后發(fā)現(xiàn)這是因?yàn)橛?xùn)練的時(shí)候需要把tokens數(shù)num_tokens pad到可以被args.make_vocab_size_divisible_by=128整除，但是預(yù)測(cè)的時(shí)候就沒(méi)這個(gè)限制了，因此導(dǎo)致了embedding的維度不匹配，我們修改一下DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/generate_samples.py對(duì)num_token的處理邏輯，使得和訓(xùn)練一致。
再次執(zhí)行bash scripts/generate_text.sh，我們就可以和GPT2對(duì)話了，輸出一條prompt模型會(huì)給你不同的補(bǔ)全輸出，然后輸入stop結(jié)束對(duì)話。
由于這里的模型只用了很少的數(shù)據(jù)做演示，所以基本沒(méi)有什么好的補(bǔ)全效果，后面可以加大數(shù)據(jù)量訓(xùn)練一個(gè)更好的GPT2對(duì)話模型。
0x3. 參數(shù)量和顯存估計(jì)
在 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/624740065 這篇文章里面有對(duì) GPT2 這種架構(gòu)的 Transformer 的參數(shù)量和訓(xùn)練顯存占用的推導(dǎo)，我們這里套用里面總結(jié)的公示計(jì)算一下我們當(dāng)前的GPT2模型的參數(shù)量和訓(xùn)練時(shí)的理論顯存占用。
參數(shù)量估計(jì)
套用下面的公示：
我們這里的：l=24，hidden_size=1024，12lh^2=12x24x1024x1024=301989888=0.3B。所以我們這里訓(xùn)練的GPT2模型只有大約0.3B參數(shù)。從模型的命名345M，我們也可以知道這個(gè)計(jì)算結(jié)果和真實(shí)大小基本一致。
訓(xùn)練顯存占用估計(jì)
根據(jù)上述公式，模型參數(shù)，梯度，優(yōu)化器狀態(tài)在訓(xùn)練時(shí)的顯存占用大約為301989888*20bytes=6039797760bytes=5898240kb=5760MB=5.6G。然后激活占用的顯存如下：
我們訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候 batch_size=8，s=1024，h=1024，a=num-attention-heads=16，l=24,那么。
所以0.3B的GPT2的訓(xùn)練顯存占用大約為5.6G+21G=26.6G。但在0x1節(jié)中，我們可以看到我們的顯卡單卡顯存是24G，并且訓(xùn)練過(guò)程中的顯存消耗只有15107MiB=14.75G，也就是說(shuō)激活占用的顯存并不是我們計(jì)算的21G，而是14.75-5.6=9.15G，這是為什么呢？
這是因?yàn)樵贒eepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/scripts/pretrain_gpt2.sh里面打開(kāi)了--checkpoint-activations，做了Activation Checkpoint。我們可以定位到這部分代碼，在DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/mpu/transformer.py:406-413：
在這里插入圖片描述
可以看到現(xiàn)在對(duì)于每個(gè)Transformer層來(lái)說(shuō)，都可以省掉內(nèi)部Self-Attention和MLP做backward時(shí)需要保存的中間激活，達(dá)到了減少顯存的目的。
0x4. Megatron使用多卡訓(xùn)練GPT2模型
2卡數(shù)據(jù)并行
上面已經(jīng)完成了單卡的GPT2模型的訓(xùn)練，啟動(dòng)多卡訓(xùn)練比較簡(jiǎn)單，修改一下DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/scripts/pretrain_gpt2_distributed.sh里面的--train-data為webtext，然后--train-iters改成600/num_gpus。實(shí)際上這個(gè)腳本啟動(dòng)的是數(shù)據(jù)并行的訓(xùn)練，那么我們只需要把iter數(shù)設(shè)置為600/num_gpus就可以和單卡掃到一樣規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)了。訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)，驗(yàn)證集，測(cè)試的配比也要改一下，因?yàn)檫@里只是模擬數(shù)據(jù)太少了，按照原始的比例會(huì)把測(cè)試集的數(shù)據(jù)條數(shù)算成0而報(bào)錯(cuò)。最后把GPUS_PER_NODE設(shè)成2，代表使用2卡進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)并行訓(xùn)練。接著就可以啟動(dòng)訓(xùn)練了：bash scripts/pretrain_gpt2_distributed.sh，日志如下：
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/distributed/launch.py FutureWarning: The module torch.distributed.launch is deprecated and will be removed in future. Use torchrun. Note that --use-env is set by default in torchrun. If your script expects `--local-rank` argument to be set, please change it to read from `os.environ['LOCAL_RANK']` instead. See https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/distributed.html#launch-utility for further instructions warnings.warn( WARNING ***************************************** Setting OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable for each process to be 1 in default, to avoid your system being overloaded, please further tune the variable for optimal performance in your application as needed. ***************************************** Setting ds_accelerator to cuda (auto detect) Setting ds_accelerator to cuda (auto detect) using world size: 2 and model-parallel size: 1 > using dynamic loss scaling > initializing model parallel with size 1 Pretrain GPT2 model arguments: pretrained_bert .............. False attention_dropout ............ 0.1 num_attention_heads .......... 16 hidden_size .................. 1024 intermediate_size ............ None num_layers ................... 24 layernorm_epsilon ............ 1e-05 hidden_dropout ............... 0.1 max_position_embeddings ...... 1024 vocab_size ................... 30522 deep_init .................... False make_vocab_size_divisible_by . 128 cpu_optimizer ................ False cpu_torch_adam ............... False fp16 ......................... True fp32_embedding ............... False fp32_layernorm ............... False fp32_tokentypes .............. False fp32_allreduce ............... False hysteresis ................... 2 loss_scale ................... None loss_scale_window ............ 1000 min_scale .................... 1 batch_size ................... 8 weight_decay ................. 0.01 checkpoint_activations ....... True checkpoint_num_layers ........ 1 deepspeed_activation_checkpointing False clip_grad .................... 1.0 train_iters .................. 300 log_interval ................. 100 exit_interval ................ None seed ......................... 1234 reset_position_ids ........... False reset_attention_mask ......... False lr_decay_iters ............... None lr_decay_style ............... cosine lr ........................... 0.00015 warmup ....................... 0.01 save ......................... checkpoints/gpt2_345m save_interval ................ 5000 no_save_optim ................ False no_save_rng .................. False load ......................... checkpoints/gpt2_345m no_load_optim ................ False no_load_rng .................. False finetune ..................... False resume_dataloader ............ True distributed_backend .......... nccl local_rank ................... 0 eval_batch_size .............. None eval_iters ................... 100 eval_interval ................ 1000 eval_seq_length .............. None eval_max_preds_per_seq ....... None overlapping_eval ............. 32 cloze_eval ................... False eval_hf ...................... False load_openai .................. False temperature .................. 1.0 top_p ........................ 0.0 top_k ........................ 0 out_seq_length ............... 256 model_parallel_size .......... 1 shuffle ...................... False train_data ................... ['webtext'] use_npy_data_loader .......... False train_data_path .............. val_data_path ................ test_data_path ............... input_data_sizes_file ........ sizes.txt delim ........................ , text_key ..................... sentence eval_text_key ................ None valid_data ................... None split ........................ 400,300,300 test_data .................... None lazy_loader .................. True loose_json ................... False presplit_sentences ........... False num_workers .................. 2 tokenizer_model_type ......... bert-large-uncased tokenizer_path ............... tokenizer.model tokenizer_type ............... GPT2BPETokenizer cache_dir .................... cache use_tfrecords ................ False seq_length ................... 1024 max_preds_per_seq ............ None deepspeed .................... False deepspeed_config ............. None deepscale .................... False deepscale_config ............. None deepspeed_mpi ................ False cuda ......................... True rank ......................... 0 world_size ................... 2 dynamic_loss_scale ........... True > initializing model parallel cuda seeds on global rank 0, model parallel rank 0, and data parallel rank 0 with model parallel seed: 3952 and data parallel seed: 1234 configuring data > padded vocab (size: 50257) with 47 dummy tokens (new size: 50304) > found end-of-document token: 50256 building GPT2 model ... > number of parameters on model parallel rank 0: 354871296 Optimizer = FusedAdam Optimizer = FusedAdam learning rate decaying cosine WARNING: could not find the metadata file checkpoints/gpt2_345m/latest_checkpointed_iteration.txt will not load any checkpoints and will start from random Partition Activations False and Correctness Check False iteration 100/ 300 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 1048.5 | learning rate 1.258E-04 | lm loss 4.799004E+00 | loss scale 32768.0 | /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.memory_reserved warnings.warn( /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.max_memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved warnings.warn( /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.memory_reserved warnings.warn( /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.max_memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved warnings.warn( after 100 iterations memory (MB) | allocated: 6784.88427734375 | max allocated: 11927.470703125 | cached: 13826.0 | max cached: 13826.0 time (ms) | forward: 284.78 | backward: 749.95 | allreduce: 93.32 | optimizer: 13.60 | batch generator: 14.88 | data loader: 14.19 iteration 200/ 300 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 1020.9 | learning rate 5.257E-05 | lm loss 7.708308E-02 | loss scale 32768.0 | time (ms) | forward: 256.87 | backward: 747.37 | allreduce: 93.08 | optimizer: 16.52 | batch generator: 0.71 | data loader: 0.11 iteration 300/ 300 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 1018.4 | learning rate 1.806E-06 | lm loss 4.669175E-03 | loss scale 32768.0 | time (ms) | forward: 256.74 | backward: 744.96 | allreduce: 93.51 | optimizer: 16.53 | batch generator: 0.73 | data loader: 0.12 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- validation loss at the end of training for val data | LM loss: 1.170473E+01 | LM PPL: 1.211437E+05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- global rank 0 is saving checkpoint at iteration 300 to checkpoints/gpt2_345m/iter_0000300/mp_rank_00/model_optim_rng.pt /home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py UserWarning: Positional args are being deprecated, use kwargs instead. Refer to https://pytorch.org/docs/master/generated/torch.nn.Module.html#torch.nn.Module.state_dict for details. warnings.warn( successfully saved checkpoints/gpt2_345m/iter_0000300/mp_rank_00/model_optim_rng.pt Evaluating iter 100/100 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- validation loss at the end of training for test data | LM loss: 1.169765E+01 | LM PPL: 1.202885E+05 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
顯存占用截圖：
由于是數(shù)據(jù)并行，單張卡的顯存占用和使用單卡進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練時(shí)差不多。
基于數(shù)據(jù)并行訓(xùn)練出的模型進(jìn)行推理也可以正常運(yùn)行：
在這里插入圖片描述
2卡模型并行
我們使用這個(gè)腳本DeepSpeedExamples/Megatron-LM/scripts/pretrain_gpt2_model_parallel.sh來(lái)進(jìn)行2卡的模型并行訓(xùn)練，除了2卡數(shù)據(jù)并行相關(guān)的修改之外我們還需要去掉這個(gè)腳本里面的--deepspeed參數(shù)，因?yàn)橐褂蒙螪eepSpeed還需要執(zhí)行deepspeed的config配置文件。和deepspeed相關(guān)的訓(xùn)練特性，我們留到下一篇文章中探索。
使用bash scripts/pretrain_gpt2_model_parallel.sh 啟動(dòng)2卡的模型并行訓(xùn)練。日志：
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/distributed/launch.py FutureWarning: The module torch.distributed.launch is deprecated
and will be removed in future. Use torchrun.
Note that --use-env is set by default in torchrun.
If your script expects `--local-rank` argument to be set, please
change it to read from `os.environ['LOCAL_RANK']` instead. See
https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/distributed.html#launch-utility for
further instructions
warnings.warn(
WARNING
*****************************************
Setting OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable for each process to be 1 in default, to avoid your system being overloaded, please further tune the variable for optimal performance in your application as needed.
*****************************************
Setting ds_accelerator to cuda (auto detect)
Setting ds_accelerator to cuda (auto detect)
using world size: 2 and model-parallel size: 2
> using dynamic loss scaling
> initializing model parallel with size 2
Pretrain GPT2 model
arguments:
pretrained_bert .............. False
attention_dropout ............ 0.1
num_attention_heads .......... 16
hidden_size .................. 1024
intermediate_size ............ None
num_layers ................... 24
layernorm_epsilon ............ 1e-05
hidden_dropout ............... 0.1
max_position_embeddings ...... 1024
vocab_size ................... 30522
deep_init .................... False
make_vocab_size_divisible_by . 128
cpu_optimizer ................ False
cpu_torch_adam ............... False
fp16 ......................... True
fp32_embedding ............... False
fp32_layernorm ............... False
fp32_tokentypes .............. False
fp32_allreduce ............... False
hysteresis ................... 2
loss_scale ................... None
loss_scale_window ............ 1000
min_scale .................... 1
batch_size ................... 8
weight_decay ................. 0.01
checkpoint_activations ....... True
checkpoint_num_layers ........ 1
deepspeed_activation_checkpointing False
clip_grad .................... 1.0
train_iters .................. 600
log_interval ................. 100
exit_interval ................ None
seed ......................... 1234
reset_position_ids ........... False
reset_attention_mask ......... False
lr_decay_iters ............... None
lr_decay_style ............... cosine
lr ........................... 0.00015
warmup ....................... 0.01
save ......................... checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2
save_interval ................ 5000
no_save_optim ................ False
no_save_rng .................. False
load ......................... checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2
no_load_optim ................ True
no_load_rng .................. False
finetune ..................... False
resume_dataloader ............ True
distributed_backend .......... nccl
local_rank ................... 0
eval_batch_size .............. None
eval_iters ................... 100
eval_interval ................ 1000
eval_seq_length .............. None
eval_max_preds_per_seq ....... None
overlapping_eval ............. 32
cloze_eval ................... False
eval_hf ...................... False
load_openai .................. False
temperature .................. 1.0
top_p ........................ 0.0
top_k ........................ 0
out_seq_length ............... 256
model_parallel_size .......... 2
shuffle ...................... False
train_data ................... ['webtext']
use_npy_data_loader .......... False
train_data_path ..............
val_data_path ................
test_data_path ...............
input_data_sizes_file ........ sizes.txt
delim ........................ ,
text_key ..................... sentence
eval_text_key ................ None
valid_data ................... None
split ........................ 400,300,300
test_data .................... None
lazy_loader .................. True
loose_json ................... False
presplit_sentences ........... False
num_workers .................. 2
tokenizer_model_type ......... bert-large-uncased
tokenizer_path ............... tokenizer.model
tokenizer_type ............... GPT2BPETokenizer
cache_dir .................... None
use_tfrecords ................ False
seq_length ................... 1024
max_preds_per_seq ............ None
deepspeed .................... False
deepspeed_config ............. None
deepscale .................... False
deepscale_config ............. None
deepspeed_mpi ................ False
cuda ......................... True
rank ......................... 0
world_size ................... 2
dynamic_loss_scale ........... True
> initializing model parallel cuda seeds on global rank 0, model parallel rank 0, and data parallel rank 0 with model parallel seed: 3952 and data parallel seed: 1234
configuring data
> padded vocab (size: 50257) with 175 dummy tokens (new size: 50432)
> found end-of-document token: 50256
building GPT2 model ...
> number of parameters on model parallel rank 0: 178100224
> number of parameters on model parallel rank 1: 178100224
Optimizer = FusedAdam
learning rate decaying cosine
WARNING: could not find the metadata file checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2/latest_checkpointed_iteration.txt
will not load any checkpoints and will start from random
Optimizer = FusedAdam
Partition Activations False and Correctness Check False
s iteration 100/ 600 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 810.9 | learning rate 1.444E-04 | lm loss 5.023855E+00 | loss scale 8192.0 |
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.memory_reserved
warnings.warn(
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.max_memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved
warnings.warn(
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.memory_reserved
warnings.warn(
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/cuda/memory.py FutureWarning: torch.cuda.max_memory_cached has been renamed to torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved
warnings.warn(
after 100 iterations memory (MB) | allocated: 3447.24365234375 | max allocated: 6237.830078125 | cached: 7890.0 | max cached: 7890.0
time (ms) | forward: 252.44 | backward: 550.96 | allreduce: 12.11 | optimizer: 7.26 | batch generator: 7.15 | data loader: 6.35
iteration 200/ 600 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 844.2 | learning rate 1.210E-04 | lm loss 1.112287E-01 | loss scale 8192.0 |
time (ms) | forward: 242.53 | backward: 589.63 | allreduce: 11.37 | optimizer: 10.92 | batch generator: 4.28 | data loader: 2.71
iteration 300/ 600 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 824.7 | learning rate 8.518E-05 | lm loss 8.868908E-03 | loss scale 8192.0 |
time (ms) | forward: 240.10 | backward: 572.66 | allreduce: 11.63 | optimizer: 11.32 | batch generator: 3.64 | data loader: 2.12
iteration 400/ 600 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 790.5 | learning rate 4.666E-05 | lm loss 2.208042E-03 | loss scale 8192.0 |
time (ms) | forward: 233.81 | backward: 547.29 | allreduce: 11.90 | optimizer: 9.11 | batch generator: 1.16 | data loader: 0.21
iteration 500/ 600 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 792.8 | learning rate 1.574E-05 | lm loss 8.129998E-04 | loss scale 8192.0 |
time (ms) | forward: 234.04 | backward: 549.56 | allreduce: 13.62 | optimizer: 9.02 | batch generator: 0.91 | data loader: 0.16
iteration 600/ 600 | elapsed time per iteration (ms): 787.7 | learning rate 6.939E-07 | lm loss 6.003926E-04 | loss scale 8192.0 |
time (ms) | forward: 234.25 | backward: 544.30 | allreduce: 10.23 | optimizer: 9.00 | batch generator: 0.83 | data loader: 0.12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
validation loss at the end of training for val data | LM loss: 1.231077E+01 | LM PPL: 2.220759E+05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
global rank 1 is saving checkpoint at iteration 600 to checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2/iter_0000600/mp_rank_01/model_optim_rng.pt
global rank 0 is saving checkpoint at iteration 600 to checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2/iter_0000600/mp_rank_00/model_optim_rng.pt
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py UserWarning: Positional args are being deprecated, use kwargs instead. Refer to https://pytorch.org/docs/master/generated/torch.nn.Module.html#torch.nn.Module.state_dict for details.
warnings.warn(
/home/zhangxiaoyu/miniconda3/envs/eval/lib/python3.9/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py UserWarning: Positional args are being deprecated, use kwargs instead. Refer to https://pytorch.org/docs/master/generated/torch.nn.Module.html#torch.nn.Module.state_dict for details.
warnings.warn(
successfully saved checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2/iter_0000600/mp_rank_01/model_optim_rng.pt
successfully saved checkpoints/gpt2_345m_mp2/iter_0000600/mp_rank_00/model_optim_rng.pt
Evaluating iter 100/100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
validation loss at the end of training for test data | LM loss: 1.215604E+01 | LM PPL: 1.902403E+05
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
顯存占用截圖：
在這里插入圖片描述
由于對(duì)模型參數(shù)進(jìn)行了切分，現(xiàn)在單卡的顯存占用峰值從數(shù)據(jù)并行的15個(gè)G左右降低到了9個(gè)G。
這里如果直接使用這個(gè)模型進(jìn)行推理，會(huì)在load checkpoint的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)參數(shù)和模型定義不匹配的問(wèn)題。這是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)版本的Meagtron代碼沒(méi)有考慮到加載模型并行訓(xùn)練存儲(chǔ)下來(lái)的模型，所以這里只能通過(guò)把兩個(gè)模型并行的子模型合并為一個(gè)完整的單卡模型來(lái)讓Megatron加載并進(jìn)行推理。
但這但本文所在的這份Megatron-LM源碼中也沒(méi)有提供模型合并的工具，所以這里就不對(duì)這個(gè)模型并行訓(xùn)練的模型進(jìn)行推理了。如果你想對(duì)模型并行訓(xùn)練的checkpoint進(jìn)行推理，最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是直接用nvidia的Megatron-LM的最新代碼進(jìn)行模型訓(xùn)練和推理，它不僅支持模型并行還支持流水并行并且可以加載任意組合并行的模型進(jìn)行推理。此外，官方Megatron還提供了工具將原始任意模型并行大小和流水并行大小的checkpoint轉(zhuǎn)換為用戶指定的模型并行大小和流水并行大小的checkpoint。(https://github.com/NVIDIA/Megatron-LM/tree/main#evaluation-and-tasks) 如下圖所示：
在這里插入圖片描述
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原文標(biāo)題：0x5. 總結(jié)
文章出處：【微信號(hào)：GiantPandaCV，微信公眾號(hào)：GiantPandaCV】歡迎添加關(guān)注！文章轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。
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