EIGRP度量值
EIGRP使用度量值來確定到目的地的最佳路徑。對于每一個子網,EIGRP拓撲表包含一條或者多條可能的路由。每條可能的路由都包含各種度量值:帶寬,延遲等。EIGRP路由器根據度量值計算一個整數度量值,來選擇前往目的地的最佳路由。
當路由器選路的時候,計算出度量值最低的路徑,也就是FD,來確定最佳路由。當路由失效的時候,使用FS來選擇替代路由。
如何通過影響增強型內部網關路由協議 (EIGRP) 度量來創建首選路由。基于網絡圖中顯示的拓撲,本文檔介紹了幾種方法用于影響從客戶端傳輸到服務器的 IP 數據流,其中首選路徑為 R1》R2》R3。目標是使路徑 R1》R2》R4 成為僅在 R3 上出現故障時使用的備用路徑。
先決條件
要求
本文檔要求對 IP 路由和 EIGRP 路由有基本的了解。有關 IP 路由和 EIGRP 的詳細信息,請參閱以下文檔:
路由基本知識
增強的內部網關路由協議
使用的組件
本文檔中的信息基于以下軟件和硬件版本。
Cisco IOS? 軟件版本 9.21 及更高版本支持 EIGRP。本文檔中的信息基于 Cisco IOS 軟件版本 12.3(3)。
在所有的路由器(例如 Cisco 2500 系列和 Cisco 2600 系列)以及所有的第 3 層交換機上都可以配置 EIGRP。
本文檔中的信息都是基于特定實驗室環境中的設備編寫的。本文檔中使用的所有設備最初均采用原始(默認)配置。如果您使用的是真實網絡,請確保您已經了解所有命令的潛在影響。
規則
關于文件規則的更多信息,參考。
背景信息
有多種方法可用于通過影響 EIGRP 度量來設置首選路由。本文檔介紹了這些方法,并詳述了各自的優缺點。本文檔還討論了修改帶寬所產生的影響,不過在本例中修改帶寬并不是改變路徑的可行手段。
單擊網絡圖可在單獨的瀏覽器窗口中進行顯示,以便在本文檔稍后部分用作參考。
本文檔中用于驗證 EIGRP 行為的兩條命令為 show ip eigrp topology 和 show ip eigrp topology network-ip subnet-mask。
如果有輸出一show ip eigrp topology命令或一show ip eigrp topology network-ip subnet-mask命令從您的Cisco設備,您能使用Cisco CLI分析器 (僅限注冊用戶)顯示潛在問題和修正。要使用Cisco CLI分析器 (僅限注冊用戶),您必須登陸和有在您的Web瀏覽器啟用的Javascript。
背景 - EIGRP 度量基本知識
EIGRP 更新包含五個度量:最低帶寬、延遲、負載、可靠性和最大傳輸單元 (MTU)。默認情況下,這五個度量中只有最低帶寬和延遲用于計算最佳路徑。與多數度量都不相同,最低帶寬設置為整個路徑的最低帶寬,并不反映路徑中的跳數或低帶寬鏈路數。延遲是一種累計值,會按照路徑中各網段延遲值的增加而增加。有關 EIGRP 度量的詳細信息,請參閱增強型內部網關路由協議白皮書。
可能的配置
這些配置可用于設置首選路由。
默認負載分擔配置
R1
R1# show run
Current configuration: 640 bytes
!
version 12.3
!
hostname R1
!
interface Serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
!--- Enables Frame Relay encapsulation.
!
interface Serial0.201 point-to-point
!--- Enables a point-to-point link on the sub-interface.
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
frame-relay interface-dlci 201
!--- Assigns a data-link connection identifier (DLCI) !--- to a Frame Relay sub-interface.
!
router eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0
!
end
注意: 幀中繼交換機在網絡圖中已隱藏。
R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 10.1.3.0 [90/2221056] via 10.1.1.2, 00:07:08, Serial0.201
D 10.1.2.0 [90/2195456] via 10.1.1.2, 00:07:08, Serial0.201
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0.201
R1# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 2221056
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.1.2 (Serial0.201), from 10.1.1.2, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (2221056/307200), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 1544 Kbit
Total delay is 22000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 2
R2
R2# show run
Current configuration: 618 bytes
!
version 12.3
!
hostname R2
!
interface Ethernet0
ip address 10.1.2.2 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
!
!
interface Serial0
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
!
interface Serial0.101 point-to-point
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
frame-relay interface-dlci 101
!
router eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0
!
end
R2# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 10.1.3.0 [90/307200] via 10.1.2.4, 00:03:47, Ethernet0
[90/307200] via 10.1.2.3, 00:03:48, Ethernet0
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0.101
注意: R2 有兩個指向 10.1.3.0/24 的等價路徑,分別經過 R3 (10.1.2.3) 和 R4 (10.1.2.4)。
R2# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 2 Successor(s), FD is 307200
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
10.1.2.4 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.4, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
注意: 兩個路徑的復合度量(距離/報告距離)相同。通往 R1 的可行距離 (FD) 會進行通告,隨后就成為 R1 的報告距離。
R3
R3# show run
Current configuration: 556 bytes
!
version 12.3
!
hostname R3
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 10.1.2.3 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 10.1.3.3 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
!
router eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0
!
end
R3# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, ia - ISIS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
D 10.1.1.0 [90/20537600] via 10.1.2.2, 00:16:14, Ethernet0/0
R3# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 281600
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
0.0.0.0 (Ethernet0/1), from Connected, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (281600/0), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 1000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 0
10.1.2.4 (Ethernet0/0), from 10.1.2.4, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
R3# show interface ethernet0/1
Ethernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is AmdP2, address is 0050.7329.52e1 (bia 0050.7329.52e1)
Internet address is 10.1.3.3/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:02, output 00:00:01, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
291 packets input, 28402 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 283 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
500 packets output, 50876 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
R4
R4# show run
Current configuration: 549 bytes
!
version 12.3
!
hostname R4
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 10.1.2.4 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
!
interface Ethernet0/1
ip address 10.1.3.4 255.255.255.0
no ip directed-broadcast
!
router eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0
!
end
R4# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, IA - ISIS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
C 10.1.3.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
D 10.1.1.0 [90/20537600] via 10.1.2.2, 00:17:08, Ethernet0/0
R4# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 281600
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
0.0.0.0 (Ethernet0/1), from Connected, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (281600/0), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 1000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 0
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0/0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
由于對延遲度量所做的更改會傳播至所有的下行路由器,因此對于以下兩種情況,更改接口延遲參數是影響路徑選擇的首選方法:
以太網段 10.1.3.0/24 僅包含服務器,且 10.1.3.0/24 子網后無其他子網。(此配置是服務器群的理想設置。)
您希望針對所有通過 10.1.3.0/24 網段上的 EIGRP 鄰居獲知的路由影響路徑選擇。
在進行任何更改前,請檢查接口上的延遲。
其當前設置與 R3 相同,如此處所示。
R4# show interface ethernet0/1
Ethernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is AmdP2, address is 0050.7329.5321 (bia 0050.7329.5321)
Internet address is 10.1.3.4/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:02, output 00:00:02, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
284 packets input, 27914 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 276 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
482 packets output, 49151 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
更改 10.1.3.0/24 網段上的延遲值。
選擇新的延遲時,一定要謹慎。您肯定不希望延遲的增加導致 R2 不再將該路由視為可行后繼路由。
R4# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)# interface ethernet0/1
R4(config-if)# delay 120
!--- Delay is entered in tens of microseconds.
R4(config-if)# end
R4#
確認此接口的延遲已更改為 1200 微秒。
R4# show interface ethernet0/1
Hardware is AmdP2, address is 0050.7329.5321 (bia 0050.7329.5321)
Internet address is 10.1.3.4/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1200 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:03, output 00:00:00, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
345 packets input, 33508 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 333 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
575 packets output, 57863 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
確認 R2 只有一個“最佳”路由可以到達 10.1.3.0,也就是經過 R3。
R2# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 10.1.3.0 [90/307200] via 10.1.2.3, 00:02:43, Ethernet0
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0.101
R2# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 307200
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
10.1.2.4 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.4, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (312320/286720), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2200 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
show ip eigrp topology 命令顯示 R4 通告的延遲度量已按預期方式增加了 200(增至 2200 微秒)。這種延遲的增加使得兩個路由具有不同的成本,并使 R2 無法執行負載均衡。
注意: 由于 R4 通告的距離 (286720) 小于 R2 通告的距離(可行距離 307200),因此該路徑被視為無環路路徑。由于 R4 通告的路徑被視為無環路路徑,因此是一種可行后繼路由,可在 R3 停止通告指向 10.1.3.0/24 的路由時立即安裝。
R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 10.1.3.0 [90/2221056] via 10.1.1.2, 00:25:27, Serial0.201
D 10.1.2.0 [90/2195456] via 10.1.1.2, 00:25:27, Serial0.201
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0.201
R1# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 2221056
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.1.2 (Serial0.201), from 10.1.1.2, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (2221056/307200), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 1544 Kbit
Total delay is 22000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 2
在 R4 上使用 offset-list 修改 R2 的復合度量
可通過在 R4 路由器上使用 offset-list 來修改 R2 的復合度量。如果 R4 上的 offset-list 值為 20,則 R2 上 R2-R4 路徑的復合度量將增加 20。于是,R2-R4 路徑成為相對于 R2-R3 的備用路徑。對于以下情況,使用 offset-list 是首選方法:
您只希望影響正在通告的特定路徑。
有其他一些路由器連接至 10.1.3.0/24 子網,而您不希望影響由這些路由器發起的路徑。
對 R4 上的 offset-list 進行配置,使所有以 10.1.3.x 開頭的路由的延遲都增加 (20)。
R4# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R4(config)# access-list 99 permit 10.1.3.0 0.0.0.255
R4(config)# router eigrp 1
R4(config-router)# offset-list 99 out 20 e0/0
R4(config-router)# end
R4#
您在offset-list在R4的EIGRP拓撲表里不更改什么的此輸出中能看到。
只有在通告了路由的情況下,度量才會發生更改。
R4# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 281600
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
0.0.0.0 (Ethernet0/1), from Connected, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (281600/0), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 1000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 0
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0/0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
在 R2 上,確認經過 R3 (10.1.2.3) 的路由還是唯一的最佳路徑。
R2# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 10.1.3.0 [90/307200] via 10.1.2.3, 00:00:20, Ethernet0
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0.101
EIGRP 拓撲表反映了 R4 (10.1.2.4) 中延遲的增加情況。
R4 可行距離 (281600) + R4 offset-list (20) = R4 報告距離 (281620)。
注意: Cisco IOS 軟件版本 12.0(7) 的表面缺陷使得增加的延遲無法精確反映在此處所示輸出內容的 Total Delay 部分中。
DDTS說明
CSCdp36097(僅限注冊用戶)EIGRP :offset-list 添加錯誤的延遲值
R2# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 307200
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
10.1.2.4 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.4, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307220/281620), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
更改 R2 的管理距離
也可以在 R2 上更改從 R4 所獲知路由的管理距離,以此更改路徑選擇過程。相比其他方法,這種方法不太理想。由于下述原因,這種方法會增加出現路由環路的可能性:
管理距離通常用于確定獲知路由的方法。如果設置有誤,單個路由器將無法選擇重分配的路由以代替實際最佳路徑。
管理距離不會傳播至其他路由器。路由協議會取決于這樣一種事實:在采用同一組參數時,所有路由器都會選擇同一種路徑。更改單個路由器上的參數會導致路由環路。
更改 R2 的配置,使得在接收到 R4 (10.1.2.4) 發出的子網 10.1.3.0/24 路由更新時,管理距離將增至 91。
選擇 91 是因為它比內部路由的默認 EIGRP 管理距離 (90) 大 1。EIGRP 外部路由(重分配到 EIGRP 中的路由)的默認管理距離為 170。參考在默認值的本文所有路由協議。
R2# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)# access-list 99 permit 10.1.3.0 0.0.0.255
R2(config)# router eigrp 1
R2(config-router)# distance 91 10.1.2.4 0.0.0.0 99
R2(config-router)# end
R2#
此時,您可能需要發出 clear ip route 命令,以便讓所做的更改生效。
注意: 現在只有一個路徑可以到達 10.1.3.0/24,也就是經過 R3 (10.1.2.3) 的路徑。
R2# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - ISIS, L1 - ISIS level-1, L2 - ISIS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 10.1.3.0 [90/307200] via 10.1.2.3, 00:05:28, Ethernet0
C 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0.101
注意: EIGRP 拓撲表的內容沒有任何更改。
R2# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 307200
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
10.1.2.4 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.4, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (307200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 10000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
潛在問題
如果使用不當,此方法會導致一種潛在問題;為了說明這一點,請設想這種情形:在 11.0.0.0/8 網絡中,R1 和 R2 正在運行開放最短路徑優先 (OSPF) 協議,管理距離為 110。再設想對于 11.1.1.0/24,R4 有一個靜態路由指向 R2 (10.1.2.2)。R4 正在將靜態路由重分配到 EIGRP 中,以使 10.1.3.0/24 上的一些新路由器能到達 11.1.1.0/24。
通常,R2 從 R4 接收 11.1.1.0/24 的 EIGRP 外部路由,管理距離為 170。由于此距離大于 OSPF 路由距離 (110),因此不予安裝。
此輸出是上面所用的 distance 命令的錯誤配置示例。
R2# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)# access-list 99 permit 11.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
R2(config)# router eigrp 1
R2(config-router)# distance 91 10.1.2.4 0.0.0.0 99
R2(config-router)# end
R2#
這種配置為子網 11.1.1.0/24 在 R2 和 R4 之間創建了一個路由環路。現在,R4 通告的 11.1.1.0/24 路由是 R2 的首選路由。這是因為此管理距離 (91) 小于 OSPF 路由的管理距離 (110)。
更改 R2 的帶寬
不鼓勵使用帶寬來影響 EIGRP 路徑,原因有兩個:
除影響 EIGRP 度量外,更改帶寬還會造成其他影響。例如,服務質量 (QoS) 也和接口帶寬有關。
EIGRP 降至使用一半的配置帶寬。降低帶寬會引起一些問題,例如由于降低了流量導致 EIGRP 鄰居無法獲得 hello 數據包。
更改延遲不會影響其他協議,也不會導致 EIGRP 流量降低。
在進行任何更改前,請檢查 R1 的 EIGRP 拓撲表。
R1# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 2221056
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.1.2 (Serial0.201), from 10.1.1.2, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (2221056/307200), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 1544 Kbit
Total delay is 22000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 2
檢查 R2 上 ethernet0 接口的起始值。
R2# show interface ethernet0
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b3c.6786 (bia 0010.7b3c.6786)
Internet address is 10.1.2.2/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:01, output 00:00:02, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
1938 packets input, 165094 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 1919 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
1482 packets output, 124222 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 18 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
降低帶寬,以觀察對 R1 產生的影響。
R2# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)# interface ethernet0
R2(config-if)# bandwidth 5000
R2(config-if)# end
R2#
確認更改。
R2# show interface ethernet0
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is Lance, address is 0010.7b3c.6786 (bia 0010.7b3c.6786)
Internet address is 10.1.2.2/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 5000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:02, output 00:00:01, output hang never
Last clearing of “show interface” counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue: 0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
1995 packets input, 169919 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 1969 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
1525 packets output, 127831 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 18 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
確認 EIGRP 拓撲表中也有變化。
R2# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 2 Successor(s), FD is 563200
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.2.4 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.4, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (563200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 5000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
10.1.2.3 (Ethernet0), from 10.1.2.3, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (563200/281600), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 5000 Kbit
Total delay is 2000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 1
查看對 R1 中的 EIGRP 拓撲表產生的影響。
R1# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 2221056
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.1.2 (Serial0.201), from 10.1.1.2, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (2221056/563200), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 1544 Kbit
Total delay is 22000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 2
無變化,這是因為 R1 和 R2 之間的幀中繼連接仍是最低速的鏈路。只有將 R2 的 ethernet0 接口帶寬降至 1544 以下,您才能看到變化。
將 R2 的 ethernet0 接口帶寬降至 1000。
R2# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R2(config)# interface ethernet 0
R2(config-if)# bandwidth 1000
R2(config-if)# end
R2#
查看對 R1 中的 EIGRP 拓撲表產生的影響。
R1# show ip eigrp topology 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
IP-EIGRP (AS 1): Topology entry for 10.1.3.0/24
State is Passive, Query origin flag is 1, 1 Successor(s), FD is 312320
Routing Descriptor Blocks:
10.1.1.2 (Serial0.201), from 10.1.1.2, Send flag is 0x0
Composite metric is (3123200/2611200), Route is Internal
Vector metric:
Minimum bandwidth is 1000 Kbit
Total delay is 22000 microseconds
Reliability is 255/255
Load is 1/255
Minimum MTU is 1500
Hop count is 2
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